utf-8 时变化长度的编码,储存一个code point 需要1~4个字节.

然而,mysql的utf8只存储最多3个字节per code point.

所以,utf8字符集不能存储所有的unicode code points.

只能从0x000 to 0xFFFF(叫做Basic Multilingual Plane:BMP)

The character set named utf8 uses a maximum of three bytes per character and contains only BMP characters. As of MySQL 5.5.3, the utf8mb4 character set uses a maximum of four bytes per character supports supplemental characters:

For a BMP character, utf8 and utf8mb4 have identical storage characteristics: same code values, same encoding, same length.

For a supplementary character, utf8 cannot store the character at all, while utf8mb4 requires four bytes to store it. Since utf8 cannot store the character at all, you do not have any supplementary characters in utf8 columns and you need not worry about converting characters or losing data when upgrading utf8 data from older versions of MySQL.

So if you want your column to support storing characters lying outside the BMP (and you usually want to), such as emoji, use "utf8mb4". See also What are the most common non-BMP Unicode characters in actual use?.